New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Research Paper

New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Collider - Research Paper Example If this occurs, it will produce a material known as quark-gluon plasma, which probably made up the universe in the time following the Big Bang. Physicists are interested in this material because the expansion and cooling of the material would likely show how the particles that exist today arose out of the conditions following the Big Bang (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ALICE†) 2. ATLAS: A Toroidal LHC Apparatus, records measurements for the results of particle collisions. It tracks what particles are created and destroyed in a given collision, and the path of travel and energy for those particles (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†). They are both considered general-purpose detectors. The experiments being performed using them focus on the search for the Higgs boson and the substance known as dark matter (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†; â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). ... 3. CMS: Compact Muon Solenoid, has the same research goals as ATLAS, but it has different technical specifications to achieve those goals, especially with regard to the design of the magnet system within the equipment (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). The CMS has been designed to detect the presence of â€Å"missing† energy, which could indicate the presence of stable but weakly-interacting particles, such as energetic neutrinos. This missing energy occurs when the particle moves in the same direction as the beam pipe and so cannot be detected; the use of the CMS helps to cover this gap and provide a more complete picture of the collision event (Pi et al. 2011) 4. LHCb: Large Hadron Collider beauty is expected to help us understand why the universe appears to be composed almost entirely of matter, but no antimatter. It specializes in investigating the slight differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the 'beauty quark', or 'b qua rk'.† (â€Å"CERN - The LHC Experiments: LHCb†) 5. TOTEM: TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross section Measurement device is included in the experimental set-up to study the physics of the elementary particles that is always hidden to the general-purpose experiments carried in such an accelerator. It is of immense importance to measure the size of the proton and also calculate accurately the LHC's luminosity, so that the results may be utilized for calibration of the whole set-up (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: TOTEM†) 6. LHCf:  Large Hadron Collider forward tries to simulate Cosmic Rays, which are the naturally occurring charged particles in Earth’s upper atmosphere, colliding with our atmosphere and resulting in stream of

War in Iraq Essay Example for Free

War in Iraq Essay War is one of man’s horrific undertakings that tarnished the beauty of what life has to offer. According to John F. Kennedy, this is why mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind. One grave example of a country that has been affected by perpetuated wars is Iraq. Is it justifiable that the United States to intervene in the war in Iraq? The U. S. intervention in Iraq was triggered by Gulf War in the early 1990s. As a result, the Iraqi economy was shattered. The war was sparked about by Iraq’s revival of old territorial claims against oil rich Kuwait. Saddam Hussein called for the annexation of the Bubiyan and Warbah islands at the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, and thus giving Iraq a clear passage to the Gulf. He also accused Kuwait of illegally siphoning off oil from the Ar-Rumaylah field, one of the world’s largest oil pools, which the two countries shared. Hussein threatened to use force against all Arab oil producers, (including Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates) who exceeded their oil quotas, and accused them of collaborating with the United States to strangle the Iraqi economy by flooding the market with low-priced oil. This has prompted the Operation Desert Storm in 1991, which evolved into a full coalition offensive against Iraq by the coalition forces. Sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council, the offensive was then called the Gulf War (Rajaee, 1993, p. 93). After that, Iraq’s problems grew into larger proportions. More recently, Iraq has been the most active battleground in a U. S. -led war on terrorism, a campaign declared by the current Bush administration in the aftermath of a terrorist attack against the U. S. on Sept. 11, 2001. In March 2003, the U. S. led a coalition of 35 nations in â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†, an invasion whose goals included curbing the threat posed by Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and toppling Hussein’s government. The world had been witnesses to images of U. S. soldiers helping a crowd of Iraqis topple a statue of their leader, Saddam Hussein, in a square in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. The scene marked the approaching close of a three-week-old U. S. -led war in Iraq, aimed at ousting the long-time U. S. adversary. The statue’s fall also served as a symbol of the end of Hussein’s repressive 23-year regime, which had brought war and ruin to the Middle East nation of some 25 million people (Wishnick, 2004). Viewing the statistics, the Iraq Body Count Project (2006) estimated that there had been 47,083 to 52,222 civilian deaths. More than 1,500 U. S. military forces had lost their lives just to satisfy the mission of waging war against Iraq. In terms of economics, the United States had already spent $505 billion of taxpayers’ funds on the War in Iraq. The alarming death toll and the economic burden that the Iraq War has caused prompted some staunch critics to indemnify the necessity of waging this war. However, supporters of this Iraqi campaign had countered that the overthrow of Hussein’s government has made the global community a safer place. U. S. troops, working in conjunction with Iraqi security forces, are successfully marginalizing guerrilla insurgents. Once Iraq’s democratic government can support itself and Iraqi security forces are ready to police the country on their own, the U. S. will reduce the number of troops stationed in Iraq. Both sides have valid arguments about the Iraqi War, but which is more sound and justifiable? Will the U. S. policy on Iraq be for the greater good of the whole world and not just a proud exposition of the military might of the United States? Will this be the viable solution to the ongoing campaign against global terrorism? In my opinion, no war could ever be justified by means of preventing further damage and the U. S. intervening and containing the war. Although the intention was good, we have seen the ravaged city of Baghdad on our TV screens and we would see the pain in the people’s faces. Lives will continually be lost if the United States continue the policy of intervention, such as what happened in Iraq. Thus, Americans should continue to condemn war because, as peace-loving citizens, we have seen throughout history that no war has brought upon any positive effect for any nation. Works Cited Rajaee, F (ed). The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1993. Wishnick, E. Strategic Consequences of the Iraq War: U. S. Security Interests in Central Asia Reassessed. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2004. Iraqi Body Count. Retrieved online 29 February 2006 at http://www. iraqbodycount. org/

Importance and role of accounting

Importance and role of accounting Accounting 601 assignment Accounting is the management of money and money is an important part of that business. Accounting is mainly preparation of financial statement and involve with transaction, budgeting and Cost controlling. According to Cote(2007), it is process of measuring the amount of money, analysing results, understanding them and make decision better. A proper accounting system is an essential to any business in order to manage its businesses running successfully. For any successful business, the main obligation is to maximise profits , minimize any loss and at the same time maintain its position as a responsible entity within the society. Coltman(1989) said , cost control system is simply an accounting oriented information system. However, the cost control system differs from the accounting system and this system allows management to see what is happening to cost, so that rational decision can be made, and necessary action implemented to correct undesirable situation. Accounting is a language o f money by measuring cost control within the hospitality can industry through labour, food and beverage, energy cost control. Coltman(1989) said that labour is a major cost that arising from the high employee turnover; it is a hidden cost that affecting on productivity, workplace efficiency. There are major reasons that causes staff turnover including most of hospitality workplaces do not pay well and workers work under wage rate, work load, poor training and lack of company benefit (Coltman1989). Industry expert’s Soltani, Lai, Paul Liao (2009) stated that service industry continuous dealing with customers so that labour flexibility is prime need to securing the high labour turnover cost .There are possibilities to reduce turnover with better choice of an integrated HR strategy that address the goal of the organisation which are managing employee’s attribute, work schedule, encourage staff to do teamwork, provide adequate training, monitoring their performance report as well as motivate staff by giving incentives (Soltani, Lai, Paul Liao 2009). Also, industries have to hiring right person at the right place according to skill required. However, most of the Australian hotel industries are continues pay for high labour turnover cost (Davidson, Timo Wang 2010). Moreover, many hospitality industries within Canada are adopted the innovative technology including electronic check-in, guest can make reservation, paying bills by using mobile devices these technology provide high quality and speed service in physical environment without labour cost (Jayawardena,Lawlor Grieco 2013). Serlen, Bruce (2014), founded that traditional twenty-four hours room service is very expensive that increase labour cost .and decrease productivity. Whereas, most of full-service hotel are moving away from traditional room service to advance technology which is help to control the labour cost for example, The Hilton, Grand Hyatt in New York. Move rover, Serlen, Bruce (2014), said that advance technology brings many aspects in the hotel industry in particular guest were looking applications to order room service from iPad and smartphone which is cost effective and eliminate the order taking position from the entity for instance, in Hilton New York, operate a successful upscale grab and go market. However, hotelier expert said that customers still demanding the traditional room service approach because they expected the personalised service as they paid to hotel and they do not expect robotic service delivery within this industry (Serlen, Bruce, 2014). Coltman,(1989) stated that most visible cost in the hospitality industry is the food and beverages. Food is a vital element of the hospitality industries. The main function of food and beverage department is to control the cost and improve hotel, restaurant profitability through the adequate selection of supplier, stock control, implementing standardize recipe, developing innovative food service system may prevent from wastage and overproduction in the operation also portion control concern about the more quality prevention activities such as quality audits, menu design reviews, quality training and supplier evaluation. However, there are several reasons that hotels unnecessary suffer wastage of food which is significant cost for industry such as poor stock rotation, store items in inappropriate temperature and poor portion control may lead to food wastage (Colman, 1989). According to, Vaughn, Raab, Nelson Harrah (2010) identification Las Vegas hospitality industry’s revenue had fall due to increase food prices from 2006 to 2007; the food and beverage department has challenged to increase productivity and reduce the cost, waste and inefficient operation. Therefore, industries in Las Vegas supported kitchen to focus on specific production, expensive menu and portion of menu items and applied activity –based costing (ABC) method for the production control and this method can be used to eliminate the monthly allocation for all kitchen production (Vaughn, Raab, Nelson Harrah, 2010). Noone Coulter (2012) said that, many hospitality industries or restaurant are familiar with technological system to controlling on food cost such as point of sale system, self- service kiosk and efficient cooking equipment and inventory management system ( perpetual inventory card). These technological solutions are help to maintain product quality and standard that keeping the cost down by speed of service and order taking for example, in U.S quick service restaurant w ere facing challenges just as rising operating cost but they applying automation system in back of house particular in kitchen such as deep fryer with an auto lift, commercial oven and dual gill which lead to reduce the cooking time and keep consistency in food preparation. As result, quick service restaurants was achieving highly efficiency, high quality and improvement in performance by adopting the technology system in the restaurant (Noone Coulter2012) Furthermore, Ninemeier (2001) saying that beverage cost control system maintaining standard by using standard beverage recipe including taste and appearance, specify ingredients, garnish and drink size. Then portion control tool help to standardise the drink such as shot glasses, jiggers and automated beverage system that is dispense measuring quantities of alcoholic beverages. Also, Ninemeier (2001) stated that cash handling procedure handle by bartender; is a responsible person for holding cash and bar inventory. Additionally, Borchgrevink Anchill (,2003) explain that spillage and theft are caused by dishonest worker within the industries as result hospitality industry do not make any profit. Therefore, hotels installed computerised beverage control system provides financial date as well as consistency, quality and speed. As an important aspect of service oriented industry; hotel manager has to provide food and beverage training to staff that build the awareness of food cost, food quality and knowledge about the portion control method ( Borchgrevink Anchill ,2003). Energy cost control is a crucial factor within the hospitality industry. In service industries major energy consuming elements is air conditioning; energy can be saved by adjusting the air conditioning by having large windows and ventilation allows natural lighting and installed high quality insulation it approach to reduce cost and save energy. As per the research of Nizic,Karanovic Ivanovic (2008) in order to control energy consumption maximum hotels industry applied an intelligent room system, particular in hotel Sol Garden Istra . This system integrated energy and water consumption control as well as heating-cooling control and efficiency and Sol Garden Istra have great achievement by using intelligent room system ,thermal insulation of the hotel as well as carefully selection of lighting management and equipment, provide training to staff to increase their environmental awareness as result (Nizic, Karanovic ,Ivanovic 2008). In addition, Holiday Inn, Hilton, and Marriott also im plemented an energy efficient lighting program, and install an intelligent room system technology (Nizic ,Karanovic , Ivanovic 2008). Furthermore, Stipanuk (2001) stated that sustainability is critically business issue that is an essential requirement for the hospitality industry; hospitality expert encouraging sustainability because there are significant financial benefits for example changing lighting blub that use less energy and bathroom fixtures that limit water flow. Followed by, Stipanuk.(2001) founded that Bass hotel (Inter-Continental properties) had support the energy saving program by develop specific tactics to reduce the energy cost and usage. Inter-Continental has developed several step to sustain the energy such as outsource the laundry ,centralize the operation, install switched in convenient location, Install flow controllers for showers and aerators for sink faucets also place proper lighting and intelligent room system and roof insulation. As result, the 467 key Inter-Continental London has been saving 47 per cent in gas consumption and 22 per cent saving in electricity consumption and the 844 ro om hotel Inter-Continental Chicago has been reaping an annual energy cost saving of $250000 (Stipanuk,D.,2001). So that, government are offering award for industries that adopt energy saving initiatives as well as grant benefits are available for establishment who participate in the recycling programs or using sustainable energy source (Stipanuk, 2001). To conclude that, accounting is a mainly preparation of financial statement involve with transaction, budgeting and Cost controlling. It is process of measuring the amount of money, analysing the results, understanding them and make decision better. Accounting is a language of money by measuring cost control within the hospitality can industry through labour, food and beverage, energy cost control. By applying these measuring tools; hotel owners and managers have the information they need to optimize performance in every operational area, from food and beverage department labour control and energy control. They can reduce expenses, make profit and accommodate guests . Reference List: Borchgrevink, C, Anchill, D, 2003,’Beverage control system and the guest’s perspective: Standardisation and value,’ Journal of Hospitality Lesuire Marketing ,vol.10(1/2), pp.151-160,viewed 6th May2014,Ebscohost database. Coltman,M 1989,Cost control for the hospitality industry,2nd edn, Van Nostand Reinhold, New York. Cote,R 2007, Accounting for hospitality managers, 5th edn, American Hotel Lodging Educational institute,Lansing,Michigan Davidson,M, Timo,N, Wang,Y, 2010, ‘How much does labour turnover cost?: A case study of Australian four- and five –star hotels’ ,International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol.22, no.4,pp.451-466,viewed 6th May 2014 Emerald database. Jayawardena,C, Lawlor,F, Grieco,J, Savard, M, Tarnowski,M, 2013, ‘Challenges and innovations in hotel operation in Caada’,World wide Hospitality Theme, vol.5,no.2,pp177-189,viewed 6 May2014 Emerld database. Ninemeier,J 2001,Planning and control for food and beverag operaions, 5th edn, Educational institute of America hotel and Lodging Association, Michigan. Nizic, M, Karanovic, G, Ivanovic,S, 2008,’ Imprtance of intelligent rooms for energy saving in the hotel industries,’ Tourism and Hospitality Management,’ vol.14, no.2,pp.323-336,viewed 5th May2014 Ebscohost database. Noone,B, Coulter, R, 2012, ‘Applying modern robotics technologies to demand prediction and production management in the Quick service restaurant sector,’Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, vol.53, no.2, pp.122-133, viewd 7th May2014 Sage database. Serlen, Bruce,2014,’Room service evolves to fit guest needs,’ Hotel Management ,vol.229, no.1,pp.1-60.3p.,viewed 8th May2014 Ebscohost database. Soltani, E, Lai, P, Paul, P, Liao,Y,2009,’The triangular supply chain relationship: labour dispatch agencies, hospitality sector flexible workers: The Taiwan experience,’ The Service Industries Journal, vol.29,no.10,pp.1317-1339,viewed 7May2014 Ebscohost database. Stipanuk,D, 2001, ‘Energy management in 2001 and beyond: Operational option that reduce use and cost,’ Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, vol.42, pp.57-71,viewed 5th May2014 Sage database. Vaughn, P, Raab, C, Nelson, K, Harrah, W, 2010,’The application of activity-based costing to a support Kichen in a Las Vegas casino,’ International Journal of Contemorary Hospitlaity Management,vol.22, no.7, pp.1033-1047,viewed 7th May2014 Emerald database. [Type text]Page 1

Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner Essay -- Hosseini Kite Runner

Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner In the Kite Runner, the author explores the ties that bind sons to fathers and childhood friends to one another and of the forces that tear them apart. Throughout the novel, Khaled Hosseini uses many literary devices such as parallelisms, and characterization, and symbolism. The main message is â€Å"there is a way to be good again.† Amir is continuously changing throughout the story as he narrates it which is evident through the characterization the author displays. He is always selfish when with Hassan, treating him as a servant but expecting a best friend attitude in return. He then realizes his mistakes growing up in Afghanistan and America and changes his ways, trying to get redemption for himself, a key theme in the story. Amir always wants to get attention from his father in his childhood and feels that he is being neglected by his father because he writes stories whereas Hassan is an athletic person. Amir believes Hassan is the son that Baba never had when in reality he is his other son. Throughout the novel Amir holds guilt of betraying Hassan in that fateful alley and it changes him as a person. â€Å"I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years.† Amir’s goal in life after moving to America is to â€Å"do good again† ... ...ast as infants. This is important because in Hassan’s religion, if you fed from the same breast then you were brothers. This symbolizes the brotherly connection between Amir and Hassan from the beginning and the relationship between Amir and Sohrab. Another symbol in the novel is the blue kite, which is used both in the beginning and the end of the novel. The kite shows the bond between Hassan and Amir and how Hassan was willing to risk his life for their friendship and how much it meant to him. Also at the end Amir shows his loyalty towards Sohrab, as a way to forgive himself. In conclusion, The Kite Runner is a great book, and I can read it over and over again, continuing to learn to make your own path and forgive your past.

Inland Whale Essay

Finally, In the story of ‘Testily, Sun's Daughter† is the cause of the events that enroll in the story. My claim is, The cautionary tales â€Å"The Mans Wife†, â€Å"Butterfly Man†, and † Testily, Sun's Daughter† reveal that Native American societies and cultures depended on gar popup cohesiveness and not letting greed or personal desires take over. In â€Å"The Man's Wife† the man does many things that affect nature and the way of living.The man doesn't want to let his dead wife leave in peace so he stays with her, burns off his hair, and didn't eat or sleep while he was waiting for his wife. A quote that pro eves this is, â€Å"He as however able to tie around her waist a rope of eagle's down, and clinging to one end of it, he walked a few steps behind her all through the 132). This qua Toe proves that he insisted on being with her that he even went through and tied a rope roar ND her. This also shows that desire has taken over and he w ill do anything to be with her.Not her thing that the man did was going into the dead people's land. A quote that proves this is, â€Å"l must warn you that to the dead the smell Of the living is offensive, and there will be restiveness as among them, feeling of the impropriety of your being here at all†(Kookier 137). This is imp rattan because it shows that the man shouldn't be invading the home of the dead because the e dead and living should not interact with the dead. If this happens the dead is disturbed and t he balance of nature is disturbed.The man should of let go and moved on so his wife's spirit t can be in peace and the desire of his wife can go away. In the story â€Å"Butterfly Man† Clanswoman can't choose who to be with became use of the things she admires or that she likes. At first she was with her baby at the v illegal while her husband was gone. Then she left when not supposed to and saw a butterfly a ND followed it on and on, left the baby on the bu sh alone never to return because of what she wanted.A quote that proves this is, â€Å"Nor was it flying at random, for its standards COUrse WA s leading her ever up and back, farther into the hills, farther from the river†(Kookier 61 ). HTH s is important because it shows that her wanting that butterfly she never noticed how far SSH e was from her home and her baby. Another thing she does is disobey the butterfly man whew n he said not to look up and look at the other butterflies.A quote that shows that she disobey deed the butterfly man and looked at the other butterflies is, â€Å"Her eyes followed his flight and SSH e took one hand off the girdle and reached greedily for him†(Kookier 63). This quote is imports NT because when something is desired so much that they break the rule they are suppose d to follow like not leaving their house when husbands are hunting or the one the butterfly man gave which as never to let go and look up at the other butterflies.This kind of stuff and other things may lead to jealousy and many more things. In the story â€Å"Testily, Sun's Daughter† the cause of the events that unroll in the story are because Of Testily, Sun's Daughter. When Testily accepted Theta's proposal I Hoopla was mad. A quote that proves this is, â€Å"Hoopla was angry. He grabbed Tequila's arm, shouting, She's mine! She's mine! I am older than you and she is mine! â€Å"(Kookier 114). T his quote is important because it shows that Hoopla being jealous he ended up pulling Test

Gaudium et Spes Essays

Gaudium et Spes Essays Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Introduction The Catholic Church has four apostolic charters introduced by the second Vatican council in Rome. One of the charters is ‘the pastoral constitution on the church in the modern world’. It is better known as Gaudium et Spes. This document was written to provide a general idea of what the Catholic Church taught about humanity and the society. The word Gaudium et Spes in the Latin language means joy and hope. In the same way, the document provides an account on the emotions such as happiness, anguish and apprehension that Christians face in this age. Gaudium et Spes defines and safeguards the function of the church in a materialistic society particularly in relation to injustice, paucity, ecumenism, technological reconstruction and finances. : Discussion The Gaudium et Spes defines culture as everything that has to do with the lives of people, all their values and practices whether good or bad; and the way in which people express themselves through language, institutions and social conditions. The author sees the need for the intervention of the Catholic Church in the area of culture in order to integrate more Christianity into it. He states that there have been so many social and cultural changes that it is as though the human race is experiencing a new age. New patterns of thinking, acting, communicating and leisure have grown that are shaping and changing people’s cultures all over the world. The author believes that the exchanges of culture should lead to the unification and harmony between nations of the world. However, he believes that care should be taken to prevent new cultures from completely erasing old traditions and wisdom and replacing people’s original cultures. In addition, he states that the development and exchanges of culture could lead to increased secularism, thus creating an environment whereby religion is regarded with hostility. He urges Christians to obey their calling, which is to control the earth and develop God’s creation in order to make an impact and be of service in the world. By making the world a better place, Christians encourage the rest of the world to come into the knowledge of the Creator. He also states that the development of science and technology may lead to agnosticism and atheism, but Christians should not let this lead them to despise the advancements, since they are useful. The author also discusses the relationship between the message of salvation and culture. He states that Jesus’ teachings were always appropriate to the cultures of the people he was speaking to. Thus, the Church should also understand people’s cultures in order to spread the Gospel effectively. The Gospel is an effective tool in the purification of people’s inequities and it shows the world the right path, thus the church should integrate with the world’s cultures in order to spread the world. The key terms used include ‘humanity’, which is used as a definition for all of humankind. The Pope constantly uses this term in order to show that the content of the constitution concerns everyone in the world and not specific individuals or races. ‘Culture’ is another key term that the author uses. He uses it to describe patterns of behavior, thinking, beliefs and other works of humanity that are transmitted through people in different par ts of the world over time. Conclusion The author concludes by stating that the development of the individual, the good of the community and humanity should all come before culture. Culture should be allowed to develop unrestrained as long as it respects the rights of all people within the community. Authorities should therefore not determine how culture should develop but should provide structures that facilitate the proper growth of culture in line with truth and respect for all people despite their economic, racial or political backgrounds.

Differences Between Centipedes and Millipedes

Differences Between Centipedes and Millipedes Centipedes and millipedes  seem to get lumped together in a miscellaneous group, simply, the critters that are not  insects or arachnids. Most people have difficulties telling the two apart. Both centipedes and millipedes belong to the subgroup of multilegged creatures called myriapods. Centipedes Within the myriapods, the centipedes belong to their own class, called chilopods. There are 8,000 species.  The class name originates from the Greek cheilos, meaning lip, and poda, meaning foot. The word centipede comes from the  Latin  prefix  centi-, meaning hundred, and  pedis, meaning foot. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs, which means no species has only 100 legs as the name suggests.   Millipedes Millipedes belong to a separate class of diplopods. There are about 12,000 species of millipedes.  The class name is also from the Greek, diplopoda which means double foot.  Although the word millipede derives from the  Latin  for thousand feet, no known species has 1,000 feet, the record holds at 750 legs.   Differences Between Centipedes and Millipedes Besides the number of legs, there are a number of characteristics that set centipedes and millipedes apart.   Characteristic Centipede Millipede Antennae Long Short Number of legs One pair per body segment Two pairs per body segment, except for the first three segments, which have one pair each Appearance of legs Visibly extend from sides of body; trail backward behind body Do not visibly extend from body; rear leg pairs in line with body Movement Fast runners Slow walkers Bite Can bite Do not bite Feeding habits Mostly predatory Mostly scavengers Defensive mechanism Use their fast moves to escape predators, injects venom to paralyze prey and can squeeze prey with back legs. Curls body into tight spirals to protect their soft undersides, head, and legs. They can burrow easily. Many species discharge a smelly and disgusting-tasting liquid that drives off many predators. Ways That Centipedes and Millipedes Are Alike Although they vary in a lot of ways, there are some similarities between centipedes and millipedes like belonging to the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, Arthropoda. Body Similarities Besides both having antennae and many legs, they also breathe through little holes or spiracles on the sides of their bodies. They both have poor vision. They both grow by shedding their external skeletons, and when they are young, grow new segments to their bodies and new legs each time they molt. Habitat Preferences Both centipedes and millipedes are found throughout the world but are most abundant in the tropics. They require a moist environment and are most active at night. Meet the Species The giant Sonoran centipede,  Scolopendra heros, which is native to Texas in the U.S., can reach 6 inches in length and has sizeable jaws that pack quite a punch. The venom can cause enough pain and swelling to land you in the hospital and can be very dangerous to small children or  individuals that are sensitive to insect toxins. The giant African millipede,  Archispirostreptus  gigas, is one of the largest millipedes, growing up to 15 inches in length. It has approximately 256 legs. It is native to Africa but rarely lives in high altitudes. It prefers forest. It is black in color, is harmless and is often kept as a pet. Generally, giant millipedes have a life expectancy of up to seven years.

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, “The Lesson” Essay Essay Example

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay Essay Example Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay Paper Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay Paper Point of position is an indispensable component to a reader’s comprehension of a narrative. The point of position shows how the storyteller thinks. speaks. and feels about any peculiar state of affairs. In Toni Cade Bambara’s â€Å"The Lesson. † the events are told through the eyes of a immature uptown miss named Sylvia. The reader gets a limited point of position because the events are told purely by Sylvia. This fact can act upon the reader to see things merely as she does. The strong linguistic communication gives a unfamiliar reader an illustration of how people in the metropolis speak. Bambara does this to demo a different sort of life that may be new to the reader and may help in the comprehension of the street life. The reader gets a sense of Sylvia’s personality in the really beginning of the narrative as she talks about Miss Moore. Sylvia’s sentiment of her is non one of fancy. She says that she hates Miss Moore every bit much as the â€Å"winos who pissed on our handball walls and stand up on our hallways and stepss so you couldn’t center drama hide-and-seek† ( 307 ) . By comparing the hatred to something she enjoys. we see what a child in the slums does for merriment. Sylvia feels that Miss Moore ever plans â€Å"boring-ass things for us to do† ( 307 ) . Miss Moore seems to be different from what Sylvia is usage to. Sylvia harps on the fact that Miss Moore is educated. This shows that Sylvia is non use to being about educated people. She dislikes the fact that Miss Moore is a adult female with â€Å"nappy hair and proper address with no makeup† ( 307 ) . Sylvia continues to depict her as a â€Å"nappy caput bitch and her goddamn college degree† and would instead make things that are fun alternatively of listening to her. Miss Moore efforts to learn the kids about the difference of how some people spend money. Sylvia feels insulted and thinks Miss Moore is naming them â€Å"retards† when she asks the group do they cognize what money is. The first lesson is to calculate out how much of a tip they are suppose to go forth the cab driver. Sylvia wants to maintain the money and leap out of the cab and pass the money on some barbecue. Larceny seems to be a common characteristic within the group. Subsequently. when they are at the shop. Sugar asks â€Å"can we steal† ( 308 ) . Miss Moore shows the childs the monetary values of several objects and they are amazed at some of the costs. They try to calculate out how long they could salvage up to purchase things such as a 30 five-dollar birthday buffoon. The kids think about how 35 dollars would be used to purchase necessities alternatively of luxuries. The childs think that merely white people would purchase the objects that they see. Rosie Giraffe says that â€Å"white folks† are brainsick in the manner they spend money. This exemplifies the difference in the criterion of life from one portion of society to another. Ultimately. Bambara wants to demo the reader that there is a different position of life through the eyes of person from the metropolis. The attitude of Sylvia and her friends is an property to their milieus. The lesson that they learn is one that the reader receives besides. Bambara shows how some people can pass money on points that seem unimportant to the childs. Sylvia appears to brush off the whole experience by invariably knocking Miss Moore and believing negative ideas of her. In the terminal. the reader can see that Sylvia has soaked up some of the events and wants to endeavor to hold some of the finer things. The fact that â€Å"ain’t cipher gon na crush me at nuthin† shows that Sylvia is traveling to be the best of anything she pursues ( 312 ) . Bambara wants the reader to see that there is another type of life style in the metropolis. It is non to minimize Sylvia and her equals merely to demo that there is a difference of values. In this novel. that value is the difference of disbursement money.

Andy Warhol, Nam June Paik & Walt Disney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Andy Warhol, Nam June Paik & Walt Disney - Essay Example The essay "Andy Warhol, Nam June Paik & Walt Disney" discovers Andy Warhol, Nam June Paik and Walt Disney. These men set the benchmarks by which others are measured to this day. Andy Warhol was one of the originators of the Pop art phenomenon that came to the fore during 1962 when he had his first exhibition as a solo artist. His innovative use of techniques allowed him to break away from current art conventions and groups; this is a trend that I hope to follow by being an individualist in my illustration style. He made use of a technique in his early works that resulted in a slightly printed look to his illustrations that has been employed by many other illustrators after its method was disclosed. The style was much noticed and the method of creating it remained unknown until one of his assistants noticed how he did and told others. This use of alternative techniques brought Warhol’s art works to the attention of the art world as a counter point to homogenous art works that h ad proliferated previously. It is this method of standing out from the surrounding artists that is one of the greatest ambitions that I have. It is indeed an ambition that each person has had through all time, to be singled out as exceptional from the ranks of the general populace. This was done by replacing the singular nature of artworks with mass produced works that purposefully removed the great passions from the art. This allowed the art itself to be appreciated in a dispassionate way for the technique. more than for the underlying emotions. This was displayed for the first time when he displayed "Campbell's Soup Cans" at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles in 1962 and the art world received its first true glimpse of a new art style emerging. Nam June Paik has had a far more personal effect on me since he is a fellow Korean artist and as such, his ability to capitalize on his talent so greatly within America is something to which I also wish to aspire to. Though he died earlier this year, he leaves behind a great legacy through his craft that was used to provide many different people with a spark of beauty and artistry in an industry that is becoming increasingly homogenous. He had a huge influence on the perception of video as a form when he began to use it as an artistic medium in a manner unlike any other. He worked with numerous musical partners including Charlotte Moorman for whom he created a cello composed of television screens that continued to display constantly changing pictures in artwork that he titled "TV Cello". Paik's movement towards electronic art has been attributed to a meeting with composer John Cage to whom he later paid homage through various works. There is so much variation within his work and he had such an unusual grasp of the artistic possibilities of an object that had become a part of mainstream culture. This abstract viewing of a commonplace object was also influenced by the neo-Dadaists with whom he was at one time affiliated. He has in turn inspired a generation of other artists to explore the artistic potential of everyday objects. Walt Disney founded one of the greatest multi-media empires on animated designs and illustrations and his creation of Mickey Mouse gave birth to an icon that has endured to this day. He made sure that each new bound that technology took in the early days of film were utilized when he created his motion pictures including providing his illustrated pictures with sound and color as soon as those technologies were made available. His fertile imagination was

Direct and Internet Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct and Internet Marketing - Essay Example e in the intensity of competition, organizations have understood that in order to stay ahead in this intense competition they need to focus on marketing. In today’s competitive business scenario marketing is the key for the success of any company or product or brand. In the last few years various new concepts of marketing have arrived in the market. Direct marketing is one of these newly developed marketing concept which is one of the most widely used marketing strategies that most of the organizations are adopting. In direct marketing potential customers are approached individually and this is one of the main reasons behind the huge acceptance of direct marketing. Another important factor that has redefined the term ‘marketing’ is internet. It has been found that in the last decade internet has arrived as one of the largest medium of communication. Today, in most of the developed as well as developing countries, products are purchased by the consumers online. So, it can be stated that both direct and internet marketing are two of most important concepts of marketing. This paper includes a detail overview of direct and internet marketing from both theoretical and application perspective. Bothe marketing concepts are discussed in the context of an organizations named Carbon Trust which is a UK based organization. Direct marketing could be referred to a process but not a technology. The process of direct marketing is aimed at not only selling the product but also creating and maintaining healthy customer relationships that would be profitable for the organization in future (Nash, 2000). As far as the definition of direct marketing is concerned, the most widely accepted one is provided by the direct marketing association. According to this association direct marketing could be considered as an interactive process where advertising media is used with the purpose of effecting a measurable transaction and/or response at a particular location. Direct marketing is

Creating a Motivating Environment in the Workplace Research Paper

Creating a Motivating Environment in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Understanding what drives positive attitudes, energies and dedication to meeting organizational goals is at the very foundation of motivation and consists of personality, fear responses, and personal demand for empowerment in key environments. The method of creating a more motivational environment depends on the individualist values held by the employee related to these ideas or emotions. Understanding the psychology Wang & Erdheim (2007, pp.1494) describe the elements of the big five personality traits that include neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and openness to new experiences. Sociability is measured in extraversion, emotional stability is associated with neuroticism, conscientiousness supported by concepts of goal-attainment and dependability (Wang & Erdheim). Each concept is associated with internal dynamics of personality that relate to whether or not an individual adjusts effectively or is responsive to external stimuli. Herzberg (1968, p.2) describes motivation from the perception of a pet and its master. â€Å"The dog wants the biscuit, but it is I who want it to move. I am the one who is motivated, and the dog is the one who moves†. Herzberg describes motivations in terms of incentives or promotions as a means to drive productivity, however the responses that are formulated against this extrinsic reward style are borne of personality factors and indivi dual beliefs associated with reward. Of the big five personality dimensions offered, agreeableness is represented by â€Å"emotional support needs, caring, and nurturance† (Erdheim & Wang, p.1495). This is why externally-driven incentive rewards inspire higher levels of performance as they build on self-confidence and other foundational needs associated with security and belonging. The consequences or outcomes of this motivation are unique depending on the ambitions or goals of the organizational environment or leadership. According to Margaret Wheatley (1997, p.1), â€Å"organizations of all kinds are cluttered with control mechanisms that paralyze employees and leaders alike†¦these mechanisms seem to derive from our fear (or) our fear of one another†. Control systems are associated with typical models of management such as the Theory X management style that believes individuals need to be motivated with a strong voice or a harsh hand. Though regulated by certain government restrictions on control behavior, authoritarian posturing achieves results. The question is not whether it is derived from extrinsically-driven incentives or motivations, it is whether or not the employee is responsive based on their individual needs or personality structures. A manager with high levels of controls exhibits a sense of fear that is associated with loss (or fear of loss) such as formal reprimands for losing one’s position and therefore prompts new actions after rationalizing the impact on lifestyle. When a manager is able to control others through stricter policies and activities, there is no sense of empowerment or the production of a mutually-rewarding cultural or job-related environment. â€Å"Psychologically empowered workers are necessary to maintain the experiential process of learning and innovation† (Doll, 2010, p.54). So, there is a disparity between different management

Identifying The Child Readiness for Independent School Essay

Identifying The Child Readiness for Independent School - Essay Example His brilliance in Mathematics has many times been highlighted by the praise that he has received from his teacher as well as his colleagues. He performs very well in the subject and is very active in the classroom in helping out his classmates as well. In the case of Humanities, Jazz tries to understand the subject with proper concepts. He shows great interest in the understanding of human history and the importance that history lays on our lives today. He always strives to learn more with regard to the early human developments as well as the important events that have taken place in the history of the world. Jazz is an active member of the school sports teams. He enjoys playing sports and has the potential to greatly contribute to the school sports community. He has been actively involved in playing sports which include basketball, soccer, badminton, swimming, and golf. Jazz has a very healthy lifestyle and he is actively engaged in extracurricular activities. He is also a very good observer and loves to appreciate the beauty of nature. Apart from playing sports, Jazz is very considerate and helping and it is for this reason that he became a member of the Boys Scouts. He always wishes to contribute to society and be of assistance to people who are in need of help. I do not have any concern with regard to the admission of Jazz in Independent School. I am a proud parent owing to the high achievements of my son in all fields of education. He is an all-rounder and will be able to cope up with the educational environment. I believe that my son will actively contribute to the school community and perform well in his academics as well.

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Paper - Essay Example However, it is patently obvious that the social movements that began in the early 19th century have thus far a great deal left to accomplish. For instance, the individual can and should consider the case of wage disparity as it relates to men and women in the workforce. Regardless of the metric that is used, women typically make between 10-15% less on each and every pound as compared to a man. Even though great progress has been made, this particular statistic is one that is ultimately quite stubborn and has proven difficult to engage. Although it is obvious that one or two methods might not be sufficient for entirely ameliorating this differential, it is the view of this author that seeking to promote the changes that will be considered within this brief analysis will be extraordinarily beneficial in helping to address the broader issue; albeit not totally sufficient to ending the gender gap in wages. Accordingly, the approaches that will be put forward are as follows: extending fur ther levels of family leave to men, increasing government awareness programs, working to further social acceptance of wage parity, and discontinuing wage secrecy. It is widely recognized that women were not represented within the workforce of the United States, at least to a statistically significant degree, up until the First World War. As a direct result of the fact that tens of thousands of young men were going off to training and engaging in combat, the labor force was dealt a heavy blow. Similarly, the industrializing powers throughout the globe placed a heavy importance upon ensuring that their economic power was firmly exhibited by means of their industrial production capabilities; not to mention the fact that were material needed to be created at an ever increasing rate as a result of the conflicts they were exhibited throughout the developed world at that time. Similarly, the overall representation of women in the

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Criminal justice - Assignment Example There was formation of the international association of chiefs of police, women included in the police force 1910 Los Angeles, establishment of fraternal order of police and use of new technology such as phones and automobiles in the police department (Schmalleger, pg. 90). The period of prohibition is considered one of the dark periods in the development of law implementation and enforcement. It is during this era that so many organized criminal incidents escalated, illegal businesses grew without hindrance, and corruption in the police forces was entertained allowing unlawful acts to go on at their watching. It was until the Wickersham Commission realized that prohibition era was doing more harm than good that then significant law changes were initiated fight corruption and unlawfulness. This included the growth of civil rights where by the Supreme Court stated individual rights, scrutiny of police operations and formation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Law improvement and enforcement strategies were defined and adopted by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice standards and Goals. There are several federal law enforcement agencies in America each with a specific function geared towards promoting law. The US Department of Justice is responsible for reporting crimes, locating fugitives, finding sales of seized property, identifying missing individuals and building test between law enforcement and the general public they serve. The Central Intelligence Agency is charged with the duty of preempting threats and advance the US national security objectives by gathering intelligence that is significant, analyzing data, initiate action as prompted by the president and protect the national secretes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation protects the US from terror attacks, against foreign intelligence operations, protect civil rights and against

Identifying The Child Readiness for Independent School Essay

Identifying The Child Readiness for Independent School - Essay Example His brilliance in Mathematics has many times been highlighted by the praise that he has received from his teacher as well as his colleagues. He performs very well in the subject and is very active in the classroom in helping out his classmates as well. In the case of Humanities, Jazz tries to understand the subject with proper concepts. He shows great interest in the understanding of human history and the importance that history lays on our lives today. He always strives to learn more with regard to the early human developments as well as the important events that have taken place in the history of the world. Jazz is an active member of the school sports teams. He enjoys playing sports and has the potential to greatly contribute to the school sports community. He has been actively involved in playing sports which include basketball, soccer, badminton, swimming, and golf. Jazz has a very healthy lifestyle and he is actively engaged in extracurricular activities. He is also a very good observer and loves to appreciate the beauty of nature. Apart from playing sports, Jazz is very considerate and helping and it is for this reason that he became a member of the Boys Scouts. He always wishes to contribute to society and be of assistance to people who are in need of help. I do not have any concern with regard to the admission of Jazz in Independent School. I am a proud parent owing to the high achievements of my son in all fields of education. He is an all-rounder and will be able to cope up with the educational environment. I believe that my son will actively contribute to the school community and perform well in his academics as well.

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Criminal justice - Assignment Example There was formation of the international association of chiefs of police, women included in the police force 1910 Los Angeles, establishment of fraternal order of police and use of new technology such as phones and automobiles in the police department (Schmalleger, pg. 90). The period of prohibition is considered one of the dark periods in the development of law implementation and enforcement. It is during this era that so many organized criminal incidents escalated, illegal businesses grew without hindrance, and corruption in the police forces was entertained allowing unlawful acts to go on at their watching. It was until the Wickersham Commission realized that prohibition era was doing more harm than good that then significant law changes were initiated fight corruption and unlawfulness. This included the growth of civil rights where by the Supreme Court stated individual rights, scrutiny of police operations and formation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Law improvement and enforcement strategies were defined and adopted by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice standards and Goals. There are several federal law enforcement agencies in America each with a specific function geared towards promoting law. The US Department of Justice is responsible for reporting crimes, locating fugitives, finding sales of seized property, identifying missing individuals and building test between law enforcement and the general public they serve. The Central Intelligence Agency is charged with the duty of preempting threats and advance the US national security objectives by gathering intelligence that is significant, analyzing data, initiate action as prompted by the president and protect the national secretes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation protects the US from terror attacks, against foreign intelligence operations, protect civil rights and against

Crescent Case Essay Example for Free

Crescent Case Essay A. Segmentation and Targeting When Looking at what market should be targeted the thing that stuck out most was there is not a healthy alternative for energy drinks. Most of these drinks are full of high fructose corn syrup and loaded with extreme amounts of caffeine. Crescent give the consumers a healthy alternative to this option. The trend these days is towards more organic and healthier choices. Crescent is just that. It gives the option for a healthy version of an energy drink which is much needed. The Energy Drink market is growing at a much faster rate than the sport drink market as well as the fitting into a much better price point for marketing. With the market for these energy drink being on average $2.99 the price of $2.75 for crescent is below the market average as well as being a slight bit different by marketing a healthy alternative option to most other sport drinks on the market now. B. Positioning When Looking over the two perceptual Maps the thing noticed is that most of these products hit extremes of each category. For example a sport drink is high on the hydration level but low on the energy. As for the energy drink the case is the exact opposite. When looking at nutrition and taste the nutrition and taste are higher on sports drinks and energy drinks are low on nutrition but the 50/50 on the taste. When looking at crescents studies it would seem that they would be the best case for the average consumer as they would be better than average in all of these categories. The nutrition would be higher than the sports drinks and close to what swish and drip are pertaining to nutritional value and the taste would also fall higher similar to Drip or Razor. When looking at the Hydration and Energy Crescent would also be above average for both. With the equivalent of a cup of coffee’s worth of caffeine Crescent would fall similar to where torque and Drip are for energy levels. As for looking at hydration; Crescent would be up closer to the sports drinks with is electrolytes and natural ingredients closer to where Glean and Watr+ are. Each marketing promotion has positive’s and negative’s. When marketed as an energy drink there is the Pros of being a drastically growing market which has grown by 40% already and is projected to hit 13.5 billion by 2018 as well as no single product being marketed as a healthy alternative energy drink. Another pro is that the cost of the  product is less than the market average. The con of an energy drink market would be that current news stories are highlighting the health risks of Energy drinks and the diminishing number of consumers who are now drinking them. The sports drink market have a much larger population of consumers ranging from younger ages of 12-24. Also with the average sports drink being much cheaper people may not be willing to pay the $2.75 for a sports drink. With Crescent being an all organic product being an alternative to high fructose corn drinks would increase their market audience. The threats would be the increase in childhood obesity who make up a large portion of the sport drink market the option of just proving water to children is easier and more economically sound for parents rather than continually paying for sports drinks. Lastly as an Organic Drink they are able to market it as a healthy sports/energy drink for the body continuous adult who wants to stay away from non-organic products. This also works as a con where if they market solely to this small group of people they may be losing a lot of consumers who may be avoiding the new fad of vegan, healthy organic products. C. Contribution Margin The contribution margin per case of Crescent would be $5.28 or 18%. This is figured by taking the selling price per can and minusing the cost per can. Which would bring the profit of 22 cents per can and a case of 24 would bring the profit to $5.28 per case. You would then take that number and divide it by the Price per case of $29.76 which would give you 18% profit. D. Breakeven To match the national level of marketing it would require putting in 6.66 times the budget that it took to market 15% which would be a total marketing budget of 5 million dollars. With a Total budget of 5 Million dollars it would take selling 946970 Cases of Crescent to break even on the National Level. To address the break-even market share for energy would be .07% of the Market Share. This is figured by taking the Market of 9.58 Billion dollars and dividing that by the Marketing budget of 5 Million Dollars. E. Recommendation The factors that should be used to determine positioning are, Similarities in  competitors, Forecast of market increase, pricing of products and marketability of product. I would Recommend Marketing Crescent as an organic energy drink. This would apply to a large number of people and would give a different option to the Energy Drinks that are currently on the market. This product could increase the consumers ideas of what energy drinks are; especially focusing on bringing up the areas of healthiness, hydration and natural. With these area’s only having the highest percentage at 11% Crescent would be a great product to diversify the market. Having a below average market price for product pricing makes Crescent an even better market to explore. Crescent provides a great break from the normal high fructose high caffeine energy drinks while still hydrating and tasting great.

David Ricardo: The Comparative Advantage

David Ricardo: The Comparative Advantage As a successful classical economist of the 1700 to 1800s, David Ricardo is known for many of his contributions to political and classical economics including the theory of comparative advantage. The theory of comparative advantage suggests that a person can have a comparative advantage at producing something if he or she can produce it at a lower cost than anyone else. On a larger scale, the comparative advantage has played a large role in free trade, and providing markets with goods and services that would have otherwise been unavailable (Library of Economics and Liberty, 2007). This report will discuss the complications and advantages of the comparative advantage, David Ricardo’s background and theories, the comparative advantages effect on the economy, the political aspect of the theory of comparative advantage, and how it has developed over time. The Comparative Advantage The Comparative Advantage has had a direct effect on international trade and voluntary trade. The theory explores how to create mutually beneficial gains through trade between countries through comparing opportunity costs. Consider the following equation for opportunity cost:, if both China and Canada produce steel and wool, but China produces steel at a lower opportunity cost than Canada (meaning that they give up less monetary assets, goods, or labour costs to produce it), and Canada produces wool at a lower opportunity cost than China, each country has a comparative advantage against one another. This is where mutually beneficial gains of each country comes into play, if Canada chooses to trade some of the wool they have produced for metal, they are gaining more metal then they would have if they had chosen to create both the wool and metal themselves (Cohen Howe, Scarcity, opportunity cost, and trade, 2010). The benefits of the comparative advantage are simple, when a person wak es up in Canada on a cold winter morning and enjoys a glass of orange juice and a cup of coffee, they are enjoying the benefits of the comparative advantage theory. This is because Canada is not able to produce cocoa beans or grow oranges, therefore countries such as Brazil and the USA have a comparative advantage, and Canada must import these goods from them. In Canada much of what makes up the gross domestic product comes from exports and imports, in fact Canada’s import 34% of their goods, and export 36% of GDP. Considering the GDP equation: it becomes apparent of the direct impact this theory has on the Canadian economy, and how it is detrimental for its continuation and growth (Cohen Howe, Globalization and Trade Policy, 2010). Although there are many clear benefits regarding the comparative advantage, there are a few complications and criticisms that must be taken into consideration. The main issues with this theory are the effects of trade on the country doing the trading, these concerns include prices of goods in the country, production levels of said goods, employment levels, who exports and imports what, consumption levels, wages and incomes and welfare effects. These issues can be affected both positively and negatively by uncontrollable forces such as technology and government and can have a direct impact on a countries GDP (Suranovic, 2007). Some other areas of concern include relative prices and exchange rates not being taken into consideration, overstating of benefits and ignora nce of costs such as transport costs and sea and air pollution, as well as the complexity of the real world in comparison to the simplistic example of two countries trading goods (Economics Online, n.d.). David Ricardo David Ricardo began as a stock broker for the London stock exchange in the late 1700s, during this time he gained great wealth that allowed him to further develop other interests such as science and economics. At the age of 27 Ricardo read The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, and this commenced ten years of studying and by the age of 37 David Ricardo his first published work called The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciating Bank Notes (Spengler, 2014). Ricardo was a true believer in the quantity theory of money, which is the belief that money supply has a direct relationship with price. In 1815 Ricardo published an article called Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock, during which he expressed his opposition to Corn Laws, which at the time caused a restriction on the importation of wheat. As a result of this, Ricardo developed the idea of comparative costs, which is now known as the comparative theory or the Ricardian Model (Library of Econ omics and Liberty, 2008). In his book On the Principles of Political Policy and Taxation Ricardo suggested that by having an absolute advantage (where a country makes their own goods and does not trade) a countries profits can never increase. He advocates that foreign trade can increase profits by bringing food and necessities into the market at a lower price thereby reducing wages and increasing profits. Ricardo asserts that this theory provides advantages to all consumers, as well as producers as they gain more product but costs remain the same (Ricardo, 1817). Ricardo suggests that a country can benefit greatly from trade through the realization and optimization of their comparative, and absolute advantage goods (Suranovic, 2007). Economic Aspect The comparative theory has had ample effect on the global and Canadian economy. For the purposes of this report the focus will be on the Canadian economies effects pertaining to the comparative theory and free trade. In 1989 Canada created a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) which allowed them to trade their goods globally with other countries, five years later the North American free-trade agreement (NAFTA) was implemented to allow free trade between Canada, Mexico and the United States of America. These events have drastically reformed the Canadian economy to what it is today (Schwanen, 2013). Canada relies heavily on free trade to maintain its GDP, specifically through exports and imports. Canada has become the ideal example of how the comparative theory can benefit a country, this is because Canada has much better technology then other countries and has many resources to create its own products and services, but through free-trade Canada is able to grow economically and provide an abundance of goods to its residents. International trade has the ability to increase incomes, saving and investment, all of which have the ability to positively affect the economy. There are many determinants that must be taken into consideration when determining a countries comparative advantage, these include; resource endowments (availability of resources), human skill (such as engineers, programmers, etc.), technology, demand patterns, specialization, business practices, and government policies (Gupta, n.d.). In recent years Canadian exports and imports have been increasing steadily. Exports are comprised of all goods leaving the country such as all goods grown, produced, gathered or manufactured within said country). In 2013 the Canadian merchandise export values increased 3.6% from the previous year, and 1.5% in the last 10 years. Exports to the United States have also been steadily increasing to a current 75.8% of all exports (See Figure 1), and the total value of all exports in Canada in 2013 was $471.4 billion. Imports are comprised of all goods that have entered the country, these include any goods that have crossed boundaries. In 2013 the Canadian merchandise imports increased 2.8% from 2012, and 3.3% in the last 10 years. This data displays a clear increase in imports over exports, which has created a trade deficit in 2013(See Figure 3) (Statistics Canada, 2013). Political Aspect Political decisions have a considerable amount of power regarding the comparative theory and free-trade. These decisions include political pressures regarding trading agreements, creation and implementation of policies, export and import interests, and negotiation between countries (Grossman Helpman, 1993). In Canada, the comparative advantage lies within industries that excerpt natural resources and raw materials. These include wheat, meat, seeds, natural gas, metals, wood and paper. In order for Canada to sustain this comparative advantage it must maintain continual green development to ensure natural resources are still competitive in comparison to other countries resources. Political policies must address these concerns and ensure the prosperity of Canada’s natural resources while still maintaining a high level of exports and imports, as they directly impact the country’s gross domestic product. Canada also has a comparative advantage within the auto industry, as well as aerospace, insurance and communication industries (The Conference Board of Canada, 2013). It is detrimental to Canada’s future economic growth as well as their strengthening of the comparative advantage to ensure technological advances are being made and trade agreements with technologically inn ovative countries are being made. Technology accounts for 5% of Canada’s GDP, and must be able to compare in such a competitive global market. Political figures are responsible for determining and advising on sanctioning policies and identifying emerging businesses to strengthen Canada’s digital advantage (ICTC, 2013). Development of the Comparative Advantage Through the generations the comparative advantage has created growth and innovation in many industries, while it has had great impact on international trade and free trade, there have been hypothesis that the comparative advantage has weakened over time. A recent study named The Evolution of Comparative Advantage: Measurement and Implications suggests that countries with a comparative disadvantage have a faster economic growth than those with a comparative advantage, in both refined and unrefined countries. The study also suggests that the comparative advantage has stayed the same from the 1960s to the 2000s due to productivity levels increasing, and an increase of 15% in GDP in the 2000s that could have been higher had the comparative advantage not been weakening. Finally, the authors have reported that trade patterns have been impacted and have become more similar across countries, such as log and wood. This study suggests that there is still ample work to be done to restore the co mparative advantage and refine it to be more beneficial in today’s economy (Levchenko Zhang, 2014). Conclusion In closing, I consider David Ricardo’s theory to be innovative and well-intended, the world and country I have grown up in would not be what it is today if not for the comparative advantage and free-trade. In this report many aspects of the comparative advantage theory were discussed, what the comparative advantage theory is in regards to opportunity costs and international/free trade, as well as who benefits from the theory and what effects it has on Canada. The history of David Ricardo and his ideals for the future including the Ricardian model. The economic and political aspects and effects of the comparative advantage theory and free-trade in Canada. As well as the evolution of the comparative advantage, and its current place in economics now. Considering the increase in technology and the limited natural resources the world is currently facing, I believe it is important to work towards refining the comparative advantage to help countries better contribute to other country ’s needs, while still mutually benefitting from the trade. In the coming years it will be quite interesting to see how the world handles future innovations and changes in trade and how the Ricardian Model will contribute to those advancements. Bibliography Cohen Howe, A. J. (2010). Globalization and Trade Policy. In A. J. Cohen Howe, Economics for Life (pp. 334-335). Pearson. Cohen Howe, A. J. (2010). Scarcity, opportunity cost, and trade. In Economics for Life (p. 399). Pearson. Economics Online. (n.d.). Comparative Advantage. Retrieved from http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Comparative_advantage.html Grossman Helpman, G. M. (1993). The Politics of Free Trade Agreements. Retrieved from The National Bureau of Economic Research: http://www.nber.org/papers/w4597.pdf Gupta, S. D. (n.d.). Comparative Advantage and Competitive Advantage: An Economics Perspective and a Synthesis. Retrieved from economics.ca: http://economics.ca/2009/papers/0534.pdf ICTC. (2013). Strengthening Canadas comparative advantage. Retrieved from Information and Communications Technology Council: http://www.ictc-ctic.ca/?p=9821 Levchenko Zhang, A. A. (2014). The Evolution of Comparative Advantage: Measurement and Welfare Implications. Retrieved from The National Bureau of Economic Research: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16806.pdf Library of Economics and Liberty. (2007). Comparative Advantage. Retrieved from Library of Economics and Liberty: http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/Details/comparativeadvantage.html Library of Economics and Liberty. (2008). The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: David Recardo . Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Ricardo.html Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Retrieved from Library of Economics and Liberty: http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP2a.html#Ch.7, On Foreign Trade, comparative advantage Schwanen, D. (2013). Free trade transformed Canadas economy. Retrieved from The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/free-trade-transformed-canadas-economy/article16124601/ Spengler, J. J. (2014). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from David Ricardo: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/502193/David-Ricardo Statistics Canada. (2013). International Trade Canadian Economy . Retrieved from Industry Canada: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cis-sic.nsf/eng/h_00029.html Suranovic, S. M. (2007). The Theory of Comparative Advantage. Retrieved from International Trade Theory and Policy: http://internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch40/T40-0.php The Conference Board of Canada. (2013). Canadas trade strengths come from natural resources and related industries. Retrieved from The Conference Board of Canada: http://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/12-06-19/canada_s_trade_strengths_come_from_natural_resources_and_related_industries.aspx Figures Figure 1. Top Export Destinations. An overview of total exports from Canada to other countries. Figure 2. Top Import Sources. An overview of total imports to Canada from other countries. Figure 3. Exports, Imports and Trade Balance. A comparison of exports, imports, and the trade balance (deficit) from 2004-2013.

Architecture of the 1920s :: Architecture

ARCHITECTURE IN THE TWENTIES For the United States the Twenties was a time to flourish and enjoy the common wealth, but unlike everything else, architecture was in a creative slump. many artists were having difficulty in depicting a "style" for the new era. Many new technological advances were occuring through the steel industry and the discovery of glass. The architects of this period wanted to incorporate those advances in their designs, thus bringing forth an experimental period. With architects from different backgrounds and cultures working to produce a masterpiece the International Style was created. The International Style was the most common and wide-spread type of architecture found in the twenties. This style dominated architecture until about 1950. Buildings of this time were characterized as having "...geometric shapes, white walls , and a flat roof with a garden," ("Architecture ". World Book CD-ROM). They were constructed of reinforced concrete (concrete with embedded metal rods to add strength). Typical buildings had large windows, which created a light, airy feeling and the exterior had little or no ornamentation. ("Architecture". World Book CD-ROM). Architects were able to acheive the light airy feeling found in the buildings because of the new inventions of industrial materials and the technical advances. The 1920's brought forth many new technological advances. Builders could now use steel, iron, and glass. Alloys, or blended metals, were discovered and produced, and the elevator was invented. These new materials had great and long lasting influences on modern architecture and are still used today. Architects were able to use steel beams to reinforce concrete, allowing them to build taller structures, known as skyscrappers. Elevators were installed to replace stairs. A gradual modernization of technical systems took place. Plumbing and heating/cooling systems were improved and the use of electricity became more popular. ("Architecture". Grolier CD-ROM). For the architects of the 1920's "climate could be disregarded, for mechanical heating and cooling devices make a building independent of its region...". (Hamlin, 633) Because of these new advances architects were able to experiment with options they were never given before. Despite the difficulties and dry periods the archtects experienced in the twenties, a new style was born.

Analysis of Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay -- Richard

In â€Å"Richard Cory†, Edwin Arlington Robinson uses irony, simplicity, and perfect rhyme to depict the theme of the poem. The rhyme in â€Å"Richard Cory† is almost song-like, and it continues throughout the whole poem. The theme of the poem is that appearances are deceiving. The poem is about a man who everyone thinks is a â€Å"gentleman from sole to crown†, who then commits suicide. Irony is used in the poem very skillfully to show that appearances may be deceiving. When reading the poem, you get caught up in the song-like rhythm and it intensifies the effect of the tragedy. You think that everything is going perfectly, and that the poem is going to have a happy ending until you get to the last two lines, which are, â€Å"And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,/ Went home and put a bullet through his head.† When Richard Cory kills himself at the end of the poem, it is as shocking to the reader as it is to everyone else in the poem who assumed him to be the all around perfect guy. It is ironical that the man who everyone else thought was â€Å"perfect†, was missing something, and took his life Why does everyone want to be like someone else? It is human nature to want to be admired and honored. This is not right, though. Each and everyone person should be happy with who they are because just imagine if everyone were perfect and the same. The world would be quite boring. Edwin Robinson clearly shows us in his poem "Richard Cory" that the life of someone else may not be all what it is cracked up...

Compare and contrast ‘To His Coy Mistress’ and ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love’

Both of these poems explore the theme of love between a man and a woman. The desired outcome is the same, but the poets attempt to seduce their lovers in different ways. Andrew Marvell wrote ‘To his coy mistress' a cleverly written poem based on the phrase ‘carpe diem' or ‘seize the day'. It was an attempt to make a woman sleep with him. Christopher Marlowe wrote the poem ‘The passionate Shepherd to His Love'. This is a romantic poem about a man never wanting to be apart from him love and always wanting her to have the best. He pleads for the woman's love by offering his eternal commitment and a beautiful life. He repeats â€Å"live with me and be my love† throughout the poem to show he wants to be with her forever, he also says â€Å"and I will make the beds of roses† which exaggerates the natural beauty he is telling her she will have in the countryside, when she lives with him. The two poems use very different arguments to persuade the women to do similar things. The two arguments are close to being completely the opposite even though they are trying to achieve similar things. The period in which each poem was written has a very definite influence on the style, the persuasive language, imagery and vocabulary. The period in which the poem was written also affects the style of it. ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love' has a theme of love which includes the beauty of nature and presents this through idyllic imagery and offerings. In ‘His Coy Mistress' there are loving gestures and romantic thoughts but Marvell rights in such a way that the reader must be suspicious of his sincerity, he makes us think this by putting across a strong sense or urgency. But at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near† this quote is saying that no matter what he does, in the back of his mind there I always a countdown until its to late for them to be together. He also paints a rather disturbing picture of the worms taking the woman's virginity that she is preserving â€Å"then worms shall try that long preserv'd virginity†. I would relate this to irony and bitter humour. Furthermore, Marlowe sets his theme in a picturesque, ‘fairytale' setting, by making lots of romantic suggestions and showing the woman how much he loves her using exotic language. On the other hand Marvell's poem does make wild and slightly romantic suggestions but, I would say that it is quite easy to think that he just wants to sleep with her, I get this thought from him repeating ‘come live with me.. ‘ it seams to be more like a bribe than expressing how much he loves her. At the begging of the poem he is more romantic â€Å"My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow† but as the poem goes on he turns more to the theme of her losing her virginity and time running out for this to happen. At this point I thought the poem was less of a romantic poem and more of a convincing one. From about half way into the poem he starts to talk as if they were one and almost like he had made the decision for her. â€Å"Let us roll all out strength, and all our sweetness, up into one ball† and â€Å"though we cannot make out sun stand still, yet we will make him run†. I think that this is a very powerful tone, and the mood The thesis in Marvell's' poem is that time will run out and it will be too late for her to lose her virginity. He suggests resolving this, they should sleep together as soon as possible. â€Å"And yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity, thy beauty shall no more be found† this quote is saying that she will not be beautiful forever and he wants to sleep with her before she is unattractive. In Marlowe's poem there isn't a thesis because even though he is urging her in the same way as in the other poem. He isn't expressing any problems to spoil the perfect life he is portraying. I think the viewpoint from both of the poems is as if the poet is speaking the poem as appose to righting is as someone else looking in on what the men are saying to the women. The men generally use different techniques to persuade the women to sleep with them. However there are some similarities, like the fact that they both paint a very pretty picture in your mind. In Marlowe's poem â€Å"And we will sit upon the rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, by shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals†. And in Marvell's â€Å"Thou by the Indian Ganges' side Shouldst rubies find†. Obviously aside from the fact that he is stuck by the river humber. Flattery is a very persuasive form of language but it isn't used in ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'. However flattery is used in ‘To His Coy Mistress', ‘thou by the Indian Ganges side should'st rubies find; I by the tide of Humber would complain' the speaker said that he would be by the river Ganges in India with rubies and he would be by the side of the river Humber in Hull. This quote shows the he puts her above himself or so it was meant to seem to the woman. He uses exaggeration to persuade the woman to sleep with him. ‘Like am'rous birds of prey' ‘let us roll all our strength, and all our sweetness, up into one ball' ‘marble vault, shall sound my echoing song' – theses quotes are examples of his use of over exaggerating things. Marvel's poem has a hyperbole near to the beginning of the text. ‘My vegetable love should grow vaster than empires and more slow' this is saying that if human life was infinite, it would not matter how long it took to seduce her. It exaggerates and is there to convince the woman he loves her. Furthermore the speaker suggests as a synthesis that she should sleep with him before it's too late â€Å"time's winged chariot hurrying near† and ‘then worms shall try that long preserv'd virginity'. He produces a very strong and convincing argument. In comparison Marlowe's poem is a plea to his love for her to move to the countryside with him ‘come live with me and be my love' and ‘the shepherds' swains shall dance and sing'. He idealises life in the country and makes it sound romantic and perfect ‘I will make thee beds of roses and a thousand fragrant posies, a cap of flowers, and a kirtle embroidered all with leaves of myrtle'. He ignores all the bad points and really exaggerates the good and what he is going to do for her when she arrives, which is a perfect home with amazing views, ‘a gown made of the finest wool' made from the prettiest lambs and ‘fair lined slippers for the cold, with buckles of th purest gold, ‘a belt of straw and ivy buds, with coral clasps and amber studs'. ‘To His Coy Mistress' uses much more figurative language in comparison to ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love' which doesn't any similes or metaphors. To His Coy Mistress' similes; ‘sits on skin like morning dew' – paints a very pretty picture in ones mind. ‘Like am'rous birds of prey' – this creates the effect that the man is very desperate in persuading her and it is also a very strong thing to say, much like his movites. ‘We cannot make out sun stand still, yet we will make him run' here the speaker is saying that he can't stop time from passing, but life is short, pleasure should be enjoyed while there is still time. he also implies a warning to prepare for death. In conclusion I think that the most persuasive poem is ‘The Passionate Shepherd to his Love' because he makes the woman feel special and he doesn't mention her losing her virginity or the idea that time is running out. Instead he implies that time is no object when you are in love with someone as beautiful as her. These poems have had a very defiant effect on me, this being that I started to look into the attitudes to love now and I thought about how and why they have changed over time. Also it immediately made me put myself in the receiving end of the poem and thought about how I would react to them individually.

Personal Reflection and What You Have Learned From Field Experience

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Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Essay

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Petrom Answering question that listed on order instruction - Essay Example In this case, the integrative strategy (Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) shows how the company can improve socially and environmentally while still maintaining its competitive advantage in business. The integrative model of organizational change is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). In planning, it provides the recent condition, and it helps the company to set up its ultimate goals. So, the company will understand its requirement to change the values, norms and rules, or, in other words, the problems. The company will also understand the need to derive and detail individual goals. It will need to start collecting data and diagnosing the goals. After understanding those elements, it will need to adjust its management to lead the company towards set goals. Thirdly is â€Å"Check†. The corporation should check and evaluate the performance of the organizational change and whether the corporation and the employees can meet the objectives. The company needs to take corrective measure if it is underperforming. Fourthly is â€Å"Act†. After a corporation gathers all of the data, it should give its reaction, and readjust the plan if it does not meet the objectives. It needs to change or come up with new plan so as to achieve the objectives. OMV is a big company. The first major issue is that there is need to implement organizational change to 20000 employees. OMV needs to make all of its employees to have strong commitment towards supporting sustainable organizational change. Secondly, it needs to reduce emission by leading the company to operate with energy efficiency. It should apply safety, security, environmental care and corporate social responsibility. It is very expensive to lead the business to operate like this. The impact of sustainability and organizational change can cause employees to have different mindsets. Their main goal is how to operate a

Muhammad by karen armstrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Muhammad by karen armstrong - Essay Example Hira outside Mecca where he frequented for meditation. He claimed to have been called to rebuke the pagans of Mecca who worshiped idols and engaged in unclean superstitions and rituals (Armstrong, p. 24). It is noteworthy that when he was growing up as an orphan with his uncle Abu Talib, he was a person of integrity in his business dealings and was truthful. It is said that in Mecca, he was known as Sadiq and Ameen meaning true and trusty respectively. The Quran also gives credit to his upright character by saying that in him there is a perfect example for people to follow in their conduct. The prophet had been sent to reform the pagans in Mecca who had no regard for even the most basic of human rights. They engaged in disputes and long battles over small matters. They did not treat women well and hated the birth of female children to the extent that they would kill or bury them alive. The poor people were voiceless and were exploited through loans that required payment of high interests. There was torture and killing of slaves with no consequence. The Prophet despised slavery. Abuse of human rights, social injustice and worship of the idols in homes and in the house of God built by Abraham, Kabah were the order of the day in Meca. Despite watching helplessly as all this was going on, he refused to bow down to the idols (Armstrong, p. 41). He married Khadijah, an affluent businesswoman for whom he had worked for some time. He was 25 when he married her, something that made him financial stability. He helped free Zaid ibn Harithah, a slave from Khadijah’s house, and adopted him. He paid for an African slave named Bilal and had him freed. Bilal remained with Mohammed for the next 22 years until he died. During all this time, Bilal would eat and dined with the Prophet and was given the role of the Muazzin meaning caller for prayers (Armstrong, p. 57). He always taught forgiveness and compassion. After his return from exile in Medina, he came back

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy Essay

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy - Essay Example First group contains novice teachers in order to gain their perspective about the program, their demands and concerns. The other group would consist of mentor teachers in order to gain their perspective, developing a strategy to provide help and the best way to support beginning teachers. Also, Questionnaires will be used besides observation and note taking. Using questioners might help to supporting the findings of the case study. In Italy large number of new teachers is hired each year. Each of these new teachers is expected to assume the same responsibilities as veteran teachers on the first day of employment. With limited experience and limited support, they are expected to provide a quality educational experience for the students in their classrooms. Most schools in Italy are traditional in structure, hence each of the new teachers taught in a self-contained classroom. Novice teacher, newly experiencing the problems of teaching, are alone with their students for the majority of the day, trying to identify and satisfy the needs of several students with unique needs. This isolation limited the support and assistance that novices could gain from their more experienced colleagues and could have added to feeling of stress and anxiety. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own.Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed? ... Educational regulations in Italy required non-tenured teachers to be observed in certain time period. Unfortunately, few received any supportive instructions in the classrooms. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own. Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed Kilgore and Kozisek (1998) and Huling-Austin (1998) felt that educators did not view teachers' supportive program as a pressing need and are not familiar with the body of knowledge related to this area. Limited support, isolation and anxiety are realities of induction year (Fuller, 1969, 207-226). As educators, we knew that the emotional well being of a child was an important factor in their ability to learn. Did it not seem reasonable to ensure that same senses of well being to our novice teachers so that they would learn and grow into responsive and effective teachers The aim of the current paper is to outline the study of building a supportive program for novice teachers in Italy, in order to solve the problems faced by novice teachers. Problems Encountered Novice teachers, being new to the problem of teaching become isolated from the institutional environment because of the system prevailed in Italian schools. This surely limits their ability to prosper from the experience of their veteran colleagues and thereby taking lot of stress. This and lack of any supportive program throughout their earlier

Estimated monetary value of modifying an existing Assignment

Estimated monetary value of modifying an existing application.contingency and management reserve budget plan - Assignment Example Contingency reserves incorporate the funds that are to handle the observed risks.On the other hand,management reserves are supposed to handle the risks that have not been identified.The contingency reserve is the amount of funds or any other financial resources that is allocated to a project above the amount that was originally designated This is used to reduce the risk of overruns. This also includes the specific amount of time which is quantified in man hours that is allocated above the first and the original version of time that was catering for all activities including overtime. The contingency reserve is determined at the beginning f a project though it is allocated during progress of a project when it is decided that the original allocations might not be fit.In the case of the question at hand, the contingency reserve is the amount above the original allocation. This is the amount that was calculated in the first part of this paper: $13,375. Management reserve budget plan.Manag ement reserve is basically an amount that is set aside for purposes of control of the management. It is different from the amount set aside for the completion of a project.This amount is held for the sake of any work that may additionally sprout out unexpectedly. Such an amount may be the one that can be held due to changes in the rates in the future completion of work.This amount is not used to cater for variation in costs. Setting out of the management reserve has no preset formula and can be a percentage of the actual total budget. Considering that the project at hand includes modification of an existing project, an amount that is not far off from the total labor cost can be set as the management reserve. I would personally set this amount to the one set it at the amount required to fix the software which is $3, 500. Assumptions for the reserves Owing to the fact that implementing and determining the reserve budgets is almost iterative, the ability of specifying the correct amoun t of the management reserve budget is not very clear. Additionally, implementation of budgeting that is probabilistic requires strong assumptions on costs requires very concise assumptions on the elements in the work breakdown structure. Such elements are like correlation and distribution properties. This part of this discussion will look at the various assumptions that have been considered in the determination of the budget reserves. These assumptions will be based on various models as described by various scholars as below. According to Goldberg and Weber (1-7), â€Å"risk analysis and cost management†